Archaeology How Ancient Relic Hunting Became Science

The history of archaeology is a long and checkered one. If there is anything archaeology teaches us, it is to look to the past to learn from our mistakes and, if we can find any, our successes. What we today think of as the modern science of archaeology has its roots in religion and treasure hunting, and it was born out of centuries of curiosity about the past and where we all came from. This introduction to the history of archaeology describes the first few hundred years of this fairly new science, as it developed in the western world. It begins by tracing its development from the first evidence of a concern with the past during the Bronze Age  and concludes with the development of the five pillars of archaeologys scientific method in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Historical interest in the past was not solely the purview of Europeans: but thats another story.   Part 1: The First Archaeologists Part 1 of the History of Archaeology covers the earliest evidence that we have for excavation and preservation of ancient architecture: believe it or not, in the Late Bronze Age of New Kingdom Egypt, when the first archaeologists excavated and repaired the Old Kingdom Sphinx. Part 2: The Effects of the Enlightenment In Part 2, I look at how  The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, caused scholars to take their first tentative steps towards the serious study of the ancient past. Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries saw an explosion of scientific and natural exploration, and a chunk of that was revisiting the classical ruins and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome. The sharp revival of interest in the past was a crucial leap forward in the history of archaeology, but also, regrettably, part of an ugly step backward in terms of class warfare and the privileges of the white, male European. Part 3: Is the Bible Fact or Fiction? In Part 3, I describe how ancient history texts began to drive archaeological interest. Many religious and secular legends from ancient cultures all over the world have come down to us in some form today. Ancient stories in the Bible and other sacred texts, as well as secular texts such as Gilgamesh, the Mabinogion, the Shi Ji and the Viking Eddas have survived in some form for several centuries or even thousands of years. A question first posed in the 19th century was how much of the ancient texts that survive today is fact and how much fiction? This investigation of ancient history is at the absolute heart of the history of archaeology, central to the growth and development of the science. And the answers get more archaeologists into trouble than any other. Part 4: The Astounding Effects of Orderly Men By the start of the 19th century, the museums of Europe were beginning to be inundated with relics from all over the world. These artifacts, picked up (um, okay, looted) from archaeological ruins all over the world by wandering wealthy Europeans, were brought triumphantly into museums with almost no provenience at all. Museums all over Europe found themselves overrun with artifacts, completely lacking in order or sense. Something had to be done: and in Part 4, I tell you what the curators, biologists, and geologists did to figure out what that might be and how that changed the course of archaeology. Part 5: The Five Pillars of Archaeological Method Finally, in Part 5, I look at the five pillars that make up modern archaeology today: conducting stratigraphic excavations; keeping detailed records including maps and photographs; preserving and studying plain and small artifacts; cooperative excavation between funding and hosting governments; and the complete and prompt publishing of results. These mainly grew out of the work of three European scholars: Heinrich Schliemann (albeit brought to it by Wilhelm Dà ¶rpfeld), Augustus Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers, and William Matthew Flinders Petrie. Bibliography Ive collected a list of books and articles about archaeologys history so you can dive in for your own research.

Ethics and Morality Right and Wrong Essay - 1001 Words

I strongly believe that some acts are morally right and others morally wrong. Though in society today I find many different people with many different opinions on this some issues. The way someone was raised or the experiences they have faced could be what has molded these beliefs. The differences between right and wrong are not always the same in each persons head and this is where we face controversy. Morals differ from person to person resulting in confrontations dealing with morality issues. Such as euthanasia, human beings should not have to suffer, just as we do not allow animals to suffer. I believe Pro-Choice is morally right. Woman should be given the choice of whether or not she can terminate her pregnancy. On†¦show more content†¦Woman should be given the choice to do what they wish with their body. Whether it be abortion or having their child. First of all it is not always by the woman choice that they become pregnant. Many times women are raped and un fortunately become pregnant, and in this situation, I do not understand how anyone could say that it is morally wrong for her to terminate the pregnancy. No child wants to be the outcome of a rape victim. Pregnancy could change a persons life drastically and not always in a positive way. For example, college bound woman sometimes will never make it to college because they have to work full time to take care of their child or they drop out of high school. I believe it is morally wrong for woman to use abortion as a form of birth control, though accidents happen and woman should be given the opportunity to fix things and learn from their mistakes. I feel cheating is morally wrong in all aspects. Whether it is cheating on a test, cheating on a loved one or cheating just to get ahead of the guy in front of you. Everyone should be given the same opportunities and cheating allows one to move ahead of others in an unfair manner. People are generally trust worthy of others and when someone cheats that trust is gone. There are people who believe cheating is morally right and feel if they can get away with it than why not do it. But I feel these types of people are justShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Society s Social Values925 Words   |  4 Pagessomething was seriously wrong.† (Shlichta). How civilization views and interprets ethics and morals changes as we advance with time; the importance of the morality is at a decline, and will continue on a downward spiral as civilization advances. What are morals? How can one define the meaning of morality? Often the answers of those questions could easily be found online. Dictionaries would define Morality as the â€Å"principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviorRead MoreEthics: Moral Absolutes Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthics 3.1 1. Why are Christian ethics and theology inseparable? 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Morality is defined as beliefs concerning right and wrong, good and bad- beliefs that can include judgements, values, rules, principles, and theories. Morals areRead MoreThe Distinction Of Ethics And Morality1307 Words   |  6 PagesThe Distinction Of Ethics And Morality: The use of the words ethics and morality are often confused with each other especially these are commonly used in Philosophy and other related fields. This paper will discuss the distinction between these two concepts. According to Gammel (2007), the difference between the terms morality and ethics has a very thin line particularly in the daily language. Adding to this confusion is that other philosophical resources and materials use the terms interchangeablyRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pages Christian morality is centered on assessing the ethical implications of us as people. 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Case Study Harshad Mehta by Yaminidi free essay sample

Somehow Harshad Mehta did not find his future in Raipur and could not stay away from Mumbai ¶s shiny life style. After coming to Mumbai Harshad Mehta joined his 1st job as dispatch clerk in the New India Assurance Company. But his 1st love is always Stock market. Harshad Mehta ¶s first love was stock exchange. During his work at new india insurance he has started investing in stock market with his brother Ashwin Mehta. And after sometimes he has managed to get BSE broker ¶s card. Who knows at that time that it was starting of great Indian scam!! Growth period of Big Bull: EXPLOITING THE LOOPHOLE IN THE BANKING SYSTEM After investing in stock exchange Harshad Mehta found some wrong patterN on trades in stock exchange. He found that companies are not rising and falling as over their fundamentals, and he started manipulating HOW IT WAS DONE AND THE ROLE OF THE BROKER He started manipulating one stock named ACC rising , rising and rising only. But Harshad Mehta It was had reason for all the questions for its rising. Its ? Replacement Price Theory?. He was successful in explaining this theory to Indian public. But the fact had another side too. Mr Mehta started buying this ACC at mid 1990 and then he made it public. It was Harshad Mehta ¶s trademarked style:1 He used to study fundamentals, 2 he used to buy in big quantity and 3 then he used to make it public. And demand of that stock used to rise like anything after recommendation of this Big Bull !! Market at Harshad Mehta scam GRAPH Boom Period of Big Bull ¶s life: Year 1991. Mr Harshad Mehta is now darling of Indian media. He was dream seller. He was not only Harshad Mehta now.. but he was The Harshad Mehta. Boss of ? Growmore Research and Asset Management ?. People know this personality as ? The Big Bull? of Indian stock exchange. Harshad Mehta thought different then others. The basic concept behind his view was very optimistic and somehow it was good for Indian money market too. He used to explain people that if fundamental of some company is good it should go up and should always goes up. But excess of anything is evil. The dream of great Indian story was becoming greed generator for Indian public and for Mr Harshad Mehta too. At his peak, he lived almost like a celebrity in a 15,000 sq ft house, which had a swimming pool ,beautiful golf patch. He also had a crush for flashy luxurious cars and no wonder he used to have some of the best car of 1990 ¶s in his huge parking. Recession Period in Big Bull ¶s life: His flashy life and charismatic personality was a problem for many Indian and international personalities. In 1992, 1st article came out against this dream merchant and the story was about 600+ Crores rupees scam !! it was written in article that Harshad Mehta had swiped 600 Crores. rupees from SBI. No one had clue at that time that it was starting of the most dramatic scam of Indian stock exchange. But fact was unknown till now . the amount is much more than what was said in that news article. As per that article Mr Harshad Mehta used ? Ready Forward Deal? for this scam. As per this deal he used to take some short term loan from banks and used this money in stock exchange to rise the price is the security. Pure manipulation. As per Indian law it was not allowed to give such RF loan to any individual person by bank. So it was clear that more than one banks were involved in this scam. With this money mr Harshad Mehta used to make waves in Indian stock exchange. He was using this banks illegally to manipulate the stock exchange mechanism. He used the money he borrowed from lending bank on behalf of borrowing bank. And he invested that money in stock market. in this process the borrowing and lending banks knows only broker and may not know the name of the other party. And Harshad Mehta used this fact very well for his own personal benefit. Depression of Big Bull ¶s life: Mr Harshad Mehta had one habit of showing off. Larger than life kind of personality can make the worst enemies for you. When he came to know this truth it was too late. When he got some finest luxurious car of the world and he was giving some picture pose of him feeding bears in zoo, some big names like Anand Rathi and Krishnakant Damani were hurt badly it was not a good news for the big bull. Whole bear cartel is against Harshad Mehta now. Everyone knew that Harshad Mehta is getting money from somewhere. but from where? The bear cartel has exposed the truth behind the constant rise of this big bull. They have used almost all the resources they have. It was surprising to point out here that even this bear cartel was using same ? technique? s Harshad Mehta used. But the difference was , public appearance. Bears cartel used the money from overseas banks where as Harshad Mehta used Indian banks for his growth. And this act was crime as per Indian law books. And on one not so fine day it was headline of Indian news paper regarding 4000 crore rupees scam in Indian stock market. Now Harshad Mehta was in trouble. As the scam was exposed the banks receipts (BR) value became almost zero. And it was enough reason for crash of some financial institutes which would lead Indian financial crises. Bear cartel was behind Harshad Mehta now. They filed as many cases as hey can against Harshad Mehta . They have used all their sources and made sure that Harshad Mehta would not get any bail. Indian Stock Market crashed like anything. It was one of the worst time Indian market have seen till day. Indian public faced tough times. Many suicidal notes were found near dead bodies of Indian stock traders. The big bull, The dream merchant, The Harshad Mehta is now The most hated person!! 4000 crore scam ,many financial firms were involved, many political parties were involved, many big names involved in the same case, but surprisingly only one man was trapped. Harshad Mehta. End of The Big Bull: Late 2001, place : Thane jail. The jail superintendent came to know about end of the bull era with news of Harshad Mehta ¶s death. Reason was heart attack. But it was shocking to know that before he died, he was proved innocent in all other cases against him, and found guilty in only one case..!!! That is how it happened. The chair person of Growmore Research and Asset Management died. And one Bull Run came to end. Moral of the Article : Caution: stock market investment is subject to market risk. Please read the offer document carefully before investing.